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Table 3 Effect of cerebellar transcranial electrical stimulation on primary motor cortex excitability

From: Non-invasive brain stimulation as a tool to study cerebellar-M1 interactions in humans

Authors

Sample size

Electrode position

Polarity

Parameters

Sessions

Target muscle

Coil size

Timing of measurements

Findings

Galea et al. (2009) [41]

8 HC

Right CRB (25 cm2)

Right buccinator muscle (25 cm2)

Anodal TDCS

Cathodal TDCS

Sham

2 mA

25 min

3

randomized

crossover

FDI

M1: figure-of-eight (70 mm)

CRB: double-cone (110 mm)

Pre/Post 0 min

Cathodal cDCS (vs sham):

↓ CBI

↔ MEP, SICI, ICF

Anodal cDCS (vs sham):

↔ CBI, MEP, MT, SICI, ICF

8 HC

As above

Anodal TDCS

As above

1

As above

As above

As above

↑ CBIRC

6 HC

As above

Cathodal TDCS

1 mA

25 min

2 mA

25 min

2

randomized

crossover

As above

As above

Pre/Post 0, 30, 50 min

1 mA: ↔ CBI, MEPRC

2 mA: ↓ CBI, MEPRC

Hamada et al. (2012) [42]

12 HC

Right CRB (25 cm2)

Right buccinator muscle (25 cm2)

Anodal TDCS-PAS25

Cathodal TDCS -PAS25

Sham TDCS -PAS25

2 mA

15 min

3

randomized

crossover

APB

M1: figure-of-eight (70 mm)

Pre/Post 0, 30 min

Anodal and cathodal (vs sham):

↓ PAS25, ↔ SAI, MEPRC

8 HC

As above

Anodal TDCS-PAS21.5

Sham TDCS-PAS21.5

As above

2

randomized

crossover

As above

As above

As above

Anodal (vs sham):

↔ PAS21.5

Hamada et al. (2014) [44]

17 HC

Right lateral CRB (25 cm2)

Right buccinator muscle (25 cm2)

Sham TDCS-PAS21.5

Sham TDCS-PAS25

Anodal TDCS-PAS21.5

Anodal TDCS-PAS25

2 mA

15 min

4

randomized

crossover

APB

M1: figure-of-eight (70 mm)

Pre/Post 0, 15, 30 min

Anodal (vs sham):

↓ PAS25, ↔ PAS21.5

10 HC

As above

Sham TDCS

Anodal TDCS

2 mA

25 min

2

randomized

crossover

As above

As above

Online (5 min after onset of stimulation)

Anodal (vs sham):

↓ MEPRC (active AP)

↔ MEPRC (active PA, rest PA and rest AP)

Sadnicka et al. (2014) [56]

10 WD

Right CRB (25 cm2)

Right buccinator muscle (25 cm2)

Anodal TDCS-PAS25

Sham TDCS-PAS25

2 mA

15 min

2

randomized

crossover

APB

FDI

ADM

M1: figure-of-eight (70 mm)

Pre/Post 0, 30 min

Anodal (vs sham):

↔ PAS25, CSP, MEPRC

Strigaro et al. (2014) [52]

8 HC

Right CRB (25 cm2)

Right buccinator muscle (25 cm2)

Anodal TDCS-PASvar360p

Sham TDCS-PASvar360p

2 mA

30 min

2

randomized

crossover

APB

M1: figure-of-eight (70 mm)

Pre/Post 0 min

Anodal (vs sham):

↑ PASvar360p

Doeltgen et al. (2015) [46]

14 HC

Right lateral CRB

Right buccinator muscle

Anodal TDCS

Sham

2 mA

20 min

2

randomized

crossover

FDI

M1: figure-of-eight (70 mm)

CRB: figure-of-eight

Pre/Post 0 min

Anodal (vs sham):

↓ CBI

↔ SAI

Naro et al. (2016) [45]

25 HC

Right CRB (25 cm2)

Right buccinator muscle (25 cm2)

10 Hz TACS

50 Hz TACS

300 Hz TACS

Sham TACS

2 mA

3000 cycles

4

randomized

crossover

Right and left APB

M1: figure-of-eight

CRB: double-cone

Pre/Post 0, 15, 30 min

50Hz TACS:

↓ CBI, ↑ MEP, ↔LICI

300Hz TACS:

↑ CBI, ↔MEP, LICI

10Hz TACS:

↔CBI, MEP, LICI

  1. AP anterior-posterior, APB abductor pollicis brevis, CBI cerebellar brain inhibition, CBI RC cerebellar brain inhibition recruitment curve, CRB cerebellum, CSP cortical silent period, TACS transcranial alternating current stimulation, TDCS cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation, FDI first dorsal interosseous, HC healthy controls, ICF intracortical facilitation, M1 primary motor cortex, MEP motor evoked potential, MEP RC motor evoked potential recruitment curve, PA posterior-anterior, PAS paired-associative stimulation, SAI short latency afferent inhibition, SICI short interval intracortical inhibition, WD writing dystonia