Table 2 Effect of cerebellar rTMS and TBS on primary motor cortex excitability
From: Non-invasive brain stimulation as a tool to study cerebellar-M1 interactions in humans
Authors | Sample size | Stimulation target(s) | Protocol | Parameters | Sessions | Target muscle | Coil size | Timing of measurements | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerschlager et al. (2002) [29] | 8 HC | Right CRB | 1 Hz rTMS | 500 pulses 40 % MSO Biphasic | 1 | Right and left FDI | CRB: double-cone (110 mm) M1: figure-of-eight (90 mm) | Pre/Post N1 (0, 5, 10, 15 min), Post N2 (20, 25, 30 min) | CRB and control target: ↑ MEP only in Left FDI |
5 HC | Right posterior neck (control) | As above | 1 | As above | Neck: figure-of-eight (90 mm) | As above | |||
Oliveri et al. (2005) [30] | 10 HC | Left CRB (main experiment) | 1 Hz rTMS | 600 pulses 90 % RMT | 1 | Left FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre (3 blocks)/Post 0, 5, 10 min | ↑ MEP, ICF ↔ SICI, CSP |
6 HC | Left CRB (time course) | As above | As above | 1 | As above | As above | Pre (3 blocks)/Post 0, 30, 60 min | ↑ ICF (0–30 min) | |
6 HC | Left CRB (ipsilateral hand) | As above | As above | 1 | Right FDI | As above | Pre/Post 0 min | ↔ ICF | |
Fierro et al (2007) [31] | 8 HC | Right lateral CRB (main experiment) | 1 Hz rTMS | 900 pulses 90 % RMT (inion) | 1 | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre (2 blocks)/Post 0, 10 min | ↔ SICI, MEP ↓ ICF |
4 HC | Right posterior neck (control) | As above | As above | 1 | As above | As above | As above | ↔ MEP, SICI, ICF | |
4 HC | Right lateral CRB (time course) | As above | As above | 1 | Right APB | As above | Pre/Post 5, 10, 15, 20 min | ↑ MEP (15–20 min) | |
8 HC | Right lateral CRB (time course) | As above | As above | 1 | Right FDI | As above | Pre/Post 0, 10, 20 min | ↓ ICF (0–20 min) | |
Langguth et al. (2008) [48] | 10 HC | Medial CRB Right lateral CRB | 1 Hz rTMS | 1000 pulses 120 % RMT | 4 randomized crossover | Right ADM | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 0 | 1 Hz: ↑ SICI, ICF, ↔ RMT |
Medial CRB Right lateral CRB | 10 Hz rTMS | 10 Hz: ↔ SICI, ICF, RMT | |||||||
Koch et al. (2008) [34] | 10 HC | Left lateral CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 20 subjects randomly assigned to 7 exp. | Left and Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (90 mm) | Pre/Post 0, 15, 30, 60 min | ↓ MEP, SICI |
12 HC | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | Pre/Post | ↑ LICI; ↔ SICF | ||
6 HC | Left cervical root (control) | As above | As above | Right FDI | As above | As above | ↔ MEP, SICI, LICI | ||
6 HC | Left lateral CRB | As above | 600 pulses 90 % AMT | As above | As above | As above | ↓ MEP, SICI; ↑ LICI | ||
10 HC | As above | iTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | As above | As above | Pre/Post 0, 15, 30, 60 min | ↑ MEP, LICI; ↓ICF | ||
10 HC | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | Pre/Post | ↓ LICI, ↔ SICF | ||
Koch et al. (2009) [48] | 10 PD with LID | Left lateral CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 2 pseudo-randomized | Left FDI | CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post | Active (vs sham): ↓ SICI; ↑ LICI |
Sham | 600 pulses 40 % AMT | ||||||||
Popa et al. (2010) [32] | 10 HC | Right CRB | 1 Hz rTMS | 900 pulses 90 % Adj.RMT | 5 Randomized crossover | Right FDI Right ADM | CRB: double-cone (110 mm) M1: figure-of-eight (90 mm) | Pre/Post 1–10 min, Post 10–20 min | Right CRB (FDI + ADM); ↓CBI ↔ MEP ↔ CBI, MEP |
6 HC | Right cervical root (control) | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | Cervical roots (FDI, ADM): ↔ CBI, MEP | ||
6 HC | Left CRB | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | Left CRB: ↓CBI (FDI, 10 min only) ↔ MEP (FDI, ADM) | ||
10 HC | Right CRB | cTBS iTBS | 600 pulses 80 % Adj.AMT | As above | As above | As above | cTBS: ↓ CBI (FDI) ↔ MEP iTBS: ↔ CBI, MEP | ||
Carrillo et al. (2013) [36] | 16 HC | Right CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 1 | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 0, 20, 40 min | HC: ↓ MEP, SICI |
13 PD | 2 (On vs Off) | PD: ↔ MEP, SICI | |||||||
Di Lorenzo et al. (2013) [40] | 12 HC | Right lateral CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 1 | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post | HC: ↔ MEP, SICI, ICF, SLAI |
12 AD | AD: ↔ MEP, SICI, ICF; ↑ SLAI | ||||||||
8 HC | Right lateral CRB | As above | As above | 1 | As above | As above | As above | ↔ SAIRC | |
8 HC | Right OC (control) | As above | As above | 1 | As above | As above | As above | ↔ MEP, SICI, ICF, SLAI | |
Popa et al. (2013) [50] | 14 HC | Right lateral CRB (Lobule VIII) | iTBSCB → PAS25 cTBSCB → PAS25 iTBSCB → iTBSM1 | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 3, pseudo-randomized | Right APB Right ADM | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 45 min | ↓ PAS25 (APB only) ↑ PAS25 (APB and ADM) ↔ iTBSM1 |
9 HC | As above | cTBSCB → iTBSM1 | As above | 1 | As above | As above | As above | ↔ iTBSM1 | |
Hubsch et al. (2013) [49] | 25 HC | Lobule VIII CRB | cTBSCB → PAS25 iTBSCB → PAS25 ShamCB → PAS25 | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 3 randomized | Right APB Right ADM | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 10, 15. 20, 25, 30 min | HC: cTBS: ↑ PAS25 iTBS: ↓ PAS25 All conditions : ↔ SICI, ICF, LICI, SAI, LAI |
21 WD | WD: cTBSCB: ↔ PAS25 iTBSCB: ↔ PAS25 All conditions : ↔ SICI, ICF, LICI, SAI, LAI | ||||||||
Kishore et al. (2014) [51] | 16 PD with LIDs | CRB ipsi to affected side (Lobule VIII) | cTBSCB → PAS25 ShamCB → PAS25 | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 2 randomized | Contra. APB | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 5, 15, 30 min | ↑ PAS25 ↔ RMT, SICI, LICI, SAI, LAI |
16 HC | Right lateral CRB | As above | As above | 2 randomized | Right APB | As above | As above | ↔ PAS25 | |
7 PD with LIDs | CRB ipsi to affected side (Lobule VIII) | cTBSCB → iTBSM1 ShamCB → iTBSM1 | 2 randomized | Contra. APB | As above | As above | ↔ iTBSM1 | ||
20 PD with LIDs | Bilateral CRB (Lobule VIII) | cTBSCB → iTBSM1 ShamCB → iTBSM1 | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 10 (2 weeks) randomized groups | Right APB | As above | Pre/week 2, 4, 8 post | ↑ PAS25 (week 2) | |
Bonnì et al. (2014) [58] | 6 PCS | Damaged lateral CRB | iTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 10 (2 weeks) | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post | ↓ CBI; ↑ ICF; ↔ SICI |
Brusa et al. (2014) [59] | 10 PSP | Left and right lateral CRB (2 min pause in between) | iTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 10 (2 weeks) | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 2-week intervention (no further information) | ↑CBI; ↔ MEP, SICI, ICF, SAI |
Koch et al. (2014) [57] | 10 CD | Bilateral CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 10 (2 weeks) | Right FDI Right APB | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre (Friday before the start of the 2-weeks treatment) Post (Monday after the end of the 2-weeks treatment) | Active (vs. sham): ↓ CBI; ↔ ICF, SICI, CSP ↑ PAS topographic specificity ↓ symptoms |
10 CD | Sham (coil angled 90°) | As above | 600 pulses 40 % AMT | As above | As above | As above | As above | ||
Li Voti et al. (2014) [35] | 12 HC | Right lateral CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 1 | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 15, 30, 60 min | ↓ MEP |
Di Biasio et al. (2014) [33] | 10 HC 15 PD OFF | Ipsi. Damaged CRB Sham (neck muscles) | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 2 randomized | Contra. FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (90 mm) | Pre/Post 5, 25 min | HC and PD: ↓ MEP ↓ symptoms |
Bologna et al. (2015) [38] | 11 HC 16 ET | Right CRB Sham (neck muscles) | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 2 randomized | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight | Pre/Post 5, 45 min | HC: ↓ MEPRC ET: ↔ MEPRC ↔ symptoms |
Bologna et al. (2015) [37] | 10 HC 13 RT | Ipsi. CRB to tremor hand Sham (neck muscles) | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT | 2 randomized | FDI (tremor hand) | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight | Pre/Post 5, 45 min | HC and RT: ↓ MEPRC ↔ symptoms |
Harrington et al. (2015) [39] | 13 HC | Right CRB | cTBS iTBS Sham TBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT (6 subjects) 90 % AMT (7 subjects) | 3 randomized crossover | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight | Pre/Post | cTBS: ↓ MEP |