Table 6 Effect of cerebellum modulation on M1 neurophysiology assessed with TMS in clinical populations
From: Non-invasive brain stimulation as a tool to study cerebellar-M1 interactions in humans
Outcome measure | Plasticity protocol | Authors | Population | Parameters | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Corticospinal excitability | |||||
Resting motor threshold | cTBS | Di Lorenzo et al. (2013) [40] | AD | ↔ ↔ (HC) | |
cTBS | Kishore et al. (2014) [51] | PD with LIDs | ↔ | ||
MEP amplitude | cTBS | Di Lorenzo et al. (2013) [40] | AD | 1 mV | ↔ ↔ (HC) |
Di Biasio et al. (2015) [33] | PD | 120 % RMT | ↓ Off medication ↓ (HC) | ||
iTBS | Carrillo et al. (2013) [36] | PD | 0.5–1 mV | ↔ On or Off medication ↓ (HC) | |
Brusa et al. (2014) [59] | PSP | 1 mV | ↔ | ||
MEP recruitment curve | cTBS | Bologna et al. (2015) [38] | ET | 100 to 150 % RMT | ↔ ↓ (HC) |
Bologna et al. (2015b) [37] | RT (PD) | 100 to 140 % RMT | ↓ up to 45 min ↓ (HC) | ||
Sadnicka et al. (2014) [56] | WD | 100 to 140 % RMT | ↔ | ||
2. Cerebellum brain inhibition | |||||
CBI | cTBS | Koch et al. (2014) [57] | CD | ISI: 3, 5, 10 ms CS: 90 % RMT (ipsi. M1) TS: 1 mV | ↓ ISI 10 ms |
iTBS | Bonnì et al. (2014) [58] | PCS | ISI: 3, 5, 10 ms CS: 90 % RMT (contra. M1) TS: 0.5–1 mV | ↓ all ISIs | |
Brusa et al. (2014) [59] | PSP | ISI: 3, 5, 10 ms CS: 90 % RMT (ipsi. M1) TS: 1 mV | ↑ all ISIs | ||
3. Intracortical inhibition | |||||
SICI | cTBS | Koch et al. (2009) [48] | PD | ISI: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↓ |
Carrillo et al. (2013) [36] | PD | ISI: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ ↓ (HC) | ||
Di Lorenzo et al. (2013) [40] | AD | ISI: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ ↔ (HC) | ||
Hubsch et al. (2013) [49] | WD | SI: 2.5 ms CS: 70 % RMT TS: 130 % RMT (adj. post) | ↔ ↔ (HC) | ||
Koch et al. (2014) [57] | CD | ISI: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ | ||
Kishore et al. (2014) [51] | PD with LIDs | ISI: 2.5 ms CS: 70 % RMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ | ||
iTBS | Bonnì et al. (2014) [58] | PCS | ISI: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ | |
Brusa et al. (2014) [59] | PSP | ISI: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ | ||
LICI | cTBS | Koch et al. (2009) [48] | PD with LID | ISI: 100 and 150 ms CS: 120 % RMT TS: 1 mV | ↑ 100 ms |
Hubsch et al. (2013) [49] | WD | SI: 100 ms CS: 120 % RMT TS: 130 % RMT (adj. post) | ↔ ↔ (HC) | ||
Kishore et al. (2014) [51] | PD with LIDs | ISI: 100 ms CS: 110 % RMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ | ||
CSP | Anodal TDCS | Sadnicka et al. (2014) [56] | WD | 20 % maximal force APB TS: 120 % RMT | ↔ |
cTBS | Koch et al. (2014) [57] | CD | 50 % maximal force TS: 130 % RMT | ↔ | |
4. Intracortical facilitation | |||||
cTBS | Koch et al. (2009) [48] | PD | ISI: 7, 10 and 15 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ | |
Carrillo et al. (2013) [36] | PD | ISI: 7, 10 and 15 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ ↔ (HC) | ||
Di Lorenzo et al. (2013) [40] | AD | ISI: 7, 10 and 15 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ ↔ (HC) | ||
Hubsch et al. (2013) [49] | WD | SI: 15 ms CS: 70 % RMT TS: 130 % RMT (adj. post) | ↔ ↔ (HC) | ||
Koch et al. (2014) [57] | CD | ISI: 7, 10 and 15 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ | ||
iTBS | Bonnì et al. (2014) [58] | PCS | ISI: 7, 10 and 15 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↑ 15 ms | |
Brusa et al. (2013) [59] | PSP | ISI: 7, 10 and 15 ms CS: 80 % AMT TS: 1 mV | ↔ | ||
5. Afferent inhibition | |||||
SAI | iTBS | Brusa et al. (2014) [59] | PSP | ISI: 16, 20, 24 and 28 ms TS: 1 mV | ↔ |
cTBS | Di Lorenzo et al. (2013) [40] | AD | ISI: N20–4 ms to N20 + 8 ms TS: 1 mV | ↑ ↔ (HC) | |
Hubsch et al. (2013) [49] | WD | ISI: 20 ms TS: 130 % RMT (adj.post) CS: 130 % sensory threshold | ↔ ↔ (HC) | ||
Kishore et al. (2014) [51] | PD with LIDs | ISI: 20 ms TS: 1 mV | ↔ | ||
LAI | cTBS | Hubsch et al. (2013) [49] | WD | ISI: 200 ms TS: 130 % RMT (adj. post) CS: 130 % sensory threshold | ↔ ↔ (HC) |
6. Motor cortex plasticity | |||||
PAS | Anodal TDCS | Sadnicka et al. (2014) [56] | WD | ISI: 25 ms | ↔ |
cTBS | Hubsch et al. (2013) [49] | WD | ISI: 25 ms | ↔ | |
Koch et al. (2014) [57] | CD | ISI: 25 ms | ↑ (topographic specificity) | ||
Kishore et al. (2014) [51] | PD with LIDs | ISI: 25 ms | ↑ ↔ (HC) | ||
iTBS | Hubsch et al (2013) [49] | WD | ISI: 25 ms | ↔ | |
iTBS | cTBS | Kishore et al. (2014) [51] | PD with LIDs | ISI: 25 ms | ↔ |